![]() ![]() Let's do that with all our terms where it makes sense: (photocop! OR reproduc!) (class! OR educat!). What if the court writes about "reproducing" material but not "reproduction"? Or "educational" material, not "education"? Putting an exclamation point (!) at the end of a string makes sure we're searching for all possible endings.Similarly, with "classroom", let's try "education" too: (classroom OR education). Since either of those terms would be useful for us, let's link them together with an "OR" and group them with parentheses: (photocopy OR reproduction). "Photocopy" is pretty specific - a court might also discuss "reproductions" more broadly.Step Two: Synonyms, Root Expanders, and Quotation Marks Photocopies, classroom, and copyright infringement look like the key terms in this prompt. You're researching whether and how making photocopies of copyrighted material for classroom use could be considered copyright infringement. Finally, use search operators to specify relationships between your terms. First, a search term brainstorm: what terms are used in your research question or fact pattern that seem significant, or what terms would you expect to show up in any case discussing this issue? Second, add possible synonyms, root expanders, and quotation marks around phrases to make sure you catch all different forms of your terms. Terms and connector search strings can look complicated (and sometimes they are!), but it's not hard to build useful searches and refine them if you follow a simple process. But if you're checking the search help for a database (always a good idea!) and their section on Boolean searching just mentions AND, OR, and NOT, check if they have a section with a different title that covers the other search operators. Technically, Boolean searching just means use of AND, OR, or NOT, but it's sometimes used to refer to all the other search operators too (like the proximity operator /p). Terminology note: Sometimes you'll see terms and connectors searches called "Boolean searches". (reproduc! OR photocop!) /s (class! OR educat!) AND "copyright infringement". ![]() "Endangered Species Act" AND "sea turtles" /p habitat!.Terms and connectors search examples (see below for more on what these mean): classroom photocopies copyright infringement.An advanced search using terms and connectors guarantees that you will retrieve the universe of cases exactly as you have specified.įor example, if you conduct an advanced search for "first sale doctrine" AND textbook! AND copyright across all federal court cases on either Westlaw or Lexis, this search will guarantee that you will retrieve all federal cases that contain (1) the exact phrase "first sale doctrine" (2) the term "textbook" or "textbooks" and (3) the term "copyright" in each case included in the set of results. As you learn more about a topic, you will likely want to use terms and connectors searches because you can exert more control over the results. For natural language searches, results are retrieved based on a database's algorithm. (see below, 4.Nature language searching is like searching on Google and can be useful when exploring a topic completely new to you. (osteoporosis AND "Alzheimer’s disease") OR "Parkinson’s disease" Osteoporosis AND ("Alzheimer’s disease OR "Parkinson’s disease") Always check the parentheses after a search to be certain the database put them where you expected.Databases generally have an order in which they process Boolean terms, but that order may differ between databases Use parentheses to change the processing order.Use a NOT operator to exclude terms from your search (see Example 3 below).The default in most databases is to combine the terms with the AND operator ("Ilene health 2015" becomes "Ilene AND health AND 2015").The operators must be written in ALL CAPS (there may be exceptions, but this is good practice and helps you keep track of your search terms).Three Boolean operators are recognized by most databases: AND, OR, and NOT.Examples of each term and search strategy are given below. Boolean searching (named after George Boole) is used by most databases to focus searches. ![]()
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